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Vénus et Adonis
''Vénus et Adonis'' is an opera (''tragédie en musique'') in a prologue and 5 acts composed by Henri Desmarets to a libretto by Jean-Baptiste Rousseau. Based on the story of Venus and Adonis in Book X of Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'', it was first performed by the Académie Royale de Musique at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris on 28 July 1697 with Marie Le Rochois and Louis Gaulard Dumesny in the title roles. Desmarets staged a major revival of the work with a new prologue at the court of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine in 1707. During the composer's lifetime, it was performed in Germany, Belgium and France, but then fell into obscurity. Its first staging in modern times took place at the Opéra de Nancy on 28 April 2006.
==Background and performance history==
''Vénus et Adonis'' was Desmarets' eighth stage work and his third to be premiered at the Académie Royale de Musique. Between 1695 and 1697, Desmarets was working simultaneously on ''Vénus et Adonis'', ''Les festes galantes'' (an ''opéra-ballet''), and another five-act ''tragédie en musique'', ''Iphigénie en Tauride''. ''Vénus et Adonis'' was the first of the three to premiere, and according to the French musicologist Jean Duron, it was also Desmarets' favourite work.〔Duron and Ferraton (2006) p. 166〕 His librettist was Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, who was at the start of his career and only 26 when the opera premiered. The myth of Venus and Adonis as recounted in Book X of Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' held a particular fascination for the poets, artists, and musicians of the Renaissance and Baroque eras and was the inspiration for numerous works. It had been the subject of at least two operas prior to Desmarets and Rousseau's treatment, Mazzocchi's ''La catena d'Adone'' (1626) and Blow's ''Venus and Adonis'' (1683), as well as Donneau de Visé's play, ''Les Amours de Vénus et d’Adonis'' with music by Charpentier (1669). Rousseau's treatment differed in that he added the character of Cidippe, a Cypriot princess, whose unrequited love for Adonis eventually ends in her suicide.〔For an in-depth treatment of the artistic and literary precursors to ''Vénus et Adonis'' see "Les métamorphoses des amours de Vénus et Adonis ou la naissance d'un mythe à l'opéra" by Céline Bohnert in Duron and Ferraton (2006) pp. 9-30〕
During the time Desmarets was completing ''Vénus et Adonis'' and preparing the cast for its premiere, he was embroiled in a scandal involving his love affair with Marie-Marguerite de Saint-Gobert, the eighteen-year-old daughter of a high official in Senlis. Her father was implacably opposed to a marriage, and the couple eloped to Paris in June 1697. ''Vénus et Adonis'' premiered on 28 July 1697 with Marie Le Rochois as Venus and Louis Gaulard Dumesny as Adonis.〔Duron and Ferraton (2006) p. 7. Note that some older references, e.g. Casaglia (2005) and Girdlestone (1972) p. 340, give the premiere date as 17 March.〕 Six months later, Marie-Marguerite gave birth to a son and her father brought a criminal prosecution against Desmarets for seduction and kidnapping which was to last for over two years. ''Les festes galantes'' premiered in 1698, but Desmarets left ''Iphigénie en Tauride'' unfinished when he and Marie-Marguerite fled France in 1799. Desmarets was condemned to death ''in absentia'' and only pardoned some 20 years later.〔Wood (2001)〕
After several years in exile as the court composer for Philip V of Spain, Desmarets took up an appointment as master of music at the court of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine in Lunéville. There he revived ''Vénus et Adonis'' on 15 November 1707 to celebrate the Duke's name day. Desmarets had dedicated ''Vénus et Adonis'' to his long-time patron Louis XIV and set the prologue on the plains of Marly-le-Roi with Louis XIV's famous leisure residence, Château de Marly in the background. For the 1707 Lunéville performances, Desmarets and Rousseau created a completely new prologue set in the gardens of Duke Leopold's château.〔 In the ensuing years ''Vénus et Adonis'' was performed at the court of Charles III in Baden-Durlach (1713), La Monnaie in Brussels (1714), the Académie Royale de Musique with the Duchesse de Berry in attendance (1717), in Hamburg performed in French but with a comic prologue in German (1725), and in Lyon (1739). Between 1714 and 1739, extracts from the opera were also heard at the royal court in Sweden and in London.〔The 18th century performance history is sourced from Duron and Ferraton (2006) pp. 47-48〕 Over 250 years of obscurity followed until 28 April 2006 when the opera received its first staging in modern times at the Opéra de Nancy directed and conducted by Christophe Rousset. The Nancy performances by the baroque orchestra Les Talens Lyriques with Karine Deshayes as Venus and Sébastien Droy as Adonis, were recorded live and released on CD in 2007.〔Brenesal, Barry (2007). (Review: Desmarest: ''Vénus & Adonis'' (Rousset, Les Talens Lyriques) ). ''Fanfare'' (reprinted on arkivmusic.com)〕
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